Kategori: English Grammar

Subject and Object Pronouns (Kata Ganti sebagai Subjek dan Objek)

SUBJECT PRONOUNS

Subject pronouns merupakan pronouns yang menjadi subjek dalam kalimat. Yang merupakan subject pronouns adalah: 

I, we, you, he, she, it, they

Perhatikan kalimat berikut:  

  • Muhammad continued to preach Islam in Medina. He worked with unmatched patience and great wisdom. (He  adalah subject pronoun. He  dalam kalimat merujuk pada Muhammad.) 
  • Islam contributes to world history. It also contributes to civilization and scientific development. (It  merupakan subject pronoun. It dalam kalimat mengacu pada  Islam.)

Exercise 1:

Underline the subject pronouns  then mention the reference of  them (italic word).  

  • In a news conference this afternoon, the university announced that it intends to make several important changes in next year’s budget. the university
  • I can’t understand the psychology of people who by nly name brands. writer
  1. The administration has decided to give more financial support to the average student. This week it indicated its intention to increase the number of scholarships based on need by 35 percent in the next year. …..
  2. Although Professor Elkins has recently been challenged by Associate Professor Talbot and Professor Thayer, she received the Golden Apple Awards for outstanding teaching for the fifth year in a row. …..
  3. A spokesman for the film company discussed the failure of the firm’s latest western epic with reporters. He stated that the company would probably lose more than 15 million dollars. …..
  4. Even though they have been in a more difficult position in recent years, small bankers continue to be able to influence the direction of development in their communities. …..
  5. If we talk about knowledge, we cannot forget Imam Jaffer as-Sadiq (A.S.) He (A.S.) was born on the 17th of Rabiul-ul-awwal 83 A.H. …..
  6. The student should be trained no to look the meaning of the words in the dictionary, but they should be able to guess the meaning from its context. …..
  7. The clues will help you to find their meanings, then you will better understand what you are reading. …..
  8. Marry was promoted to be the chief secretary of the manager of the company, whereas her colleage, Betty, was penalized. …..
  9. Although Mary was suprised when John glared at her, she wasnot distrubed by his angry look.
  10. She zoomed out of the house to buy the product that she saw on TV. …..

OBJECT PRONOUNS

Object pronouns merupakan pronoun yang menempati posisi objek dalam kalimat, apakah menjadi komplemen dari verb atau preposition. Object pronoun disebut juga dengan complement pronouns:

me, you, him, her, us, you, them, it

Perhatikan kalimat berikut: 

  • Some wise guy in the department stores tried to sell me shoes that were too small. 
  • The editor criticizes us that our book has many mistayping.

(Kata me dan us dalam kalimat-kalimat di atas merupakan object pronouns. Me merupakan objek dari sell dan us objek dari kata criticizes.)

Exercise 2:

Complete the following sentences by supplying appropriate object pronouns.

  • We wanted to distract    her    as much as possible, so she would spend her last days contentedly.
  • The doctor gives him  the first treatment immediately to Mr. Sunanto.
  1. The staff insists that everything possible be done for students to give ….. the opportunity they need.
  2. Troublemakers are not going to be done for students to give ….. to a few areas.
  3. Having invited ….., we must do all we can to treat our guests well.
  4. Memorizing a role is not as difficult as performing ….. .
  5. After capturing enemy soldier, we must treat ….. humanely.
  6. To give ….. his due, Juan has always been faithful to the people.
  7. While we have been able to identify child abuse, we are having difficulty in eradicating ….. .
  8. To prepare for examinations is only half the job; we also have the responsibility to pass ….. .
  9.  Elizabeth found herself facing all her problem honestly, but failing in her efforts to solve ….. .
  10. Her guest had stayed so late that my sister decided to invite ….. to have some breakfast.

Sumber: Zulfahmi M, 2020, English Grammar and Reading: Materi dan Latihan untuk Bahasa Inggris Umum, CV. Kekata Group: Surakarta

Kata Ganti dalam Bahasa Inggris (Pronouns)

PRONOUNS

Kata ganti (pronouns) adalah kata yang digunakan untuk menggantikan kata benda (noun). Pronouns menjadikan kalimat lebih pendek dan mudah untuk diungkapkan. Ada beberapa bentuk pronoun dalam bahasa Inggris, yaitunya:  subject pronoun, object pronoun, possessive pronoun, possessive adjective, indefinite pronoun, dll. Perhatikan daftar berikut ini: 

Subject PronounsObject PronounsPossessive PronounsPossessive Adjectives
Imemy …mine
Youyouyour …yours 
We usour…ours
Theythemtheir … theirs
Sheher her…hers 
Hehim    his …his 
It   it its …its

Perhatikan kalimat berikut:       

The children found their game tiresome. It consisted of nothing more than repeating a few words over and over until they were memorized.

  • John and Sally worked hard together. He did they physical labor, and she did the clerical work. 

(Pada kalimat pertama, kata their dan they merupakan pronoun dari kata children, sementara kata it pronoun dari kata game.  Pada kalimat kedua, kata he merupakan pronoun dari John dan she pronoun dari Sally.)

Dari kedua contoh kalimat di atas terlihat bahwa pronoun merupakan kata ganti dari orang atau benda yang sudah disebutkan sebelumnya. Elemen yang digantikan tersebut dinamakan  antecedent (kata yang mendahului).   

Exercise 1:

Underline pronouns in the following sentences and circle their referent.

  • Larry worked so well that his boss promoted him. (Larry)
  • Teacher and parents agreed that they had the same interests. (Teacher and parents)
  1. Running is not a new sport. People were doing it hundred years ago.
  2. We can find a lot of bananas in the market. We can get them easily.
  3. I do not by cigarette for a long time. It can demage my lung.
  4. If you find words that you do not understand, write them on your book note.
  5. The ring is beautiful. That is not mine.
  6. I bought a dozen of books. They came from the store on 31st street.
  7. The dog chased the mouse and finally killed it.
  8. The painter prepared five brushes, and he finally got to use them.
  9. Joan and Audrey found they were working more harmoniously then they had expected.
  10. Zebras are prized for the beauty they display.

Nouns Derivation (Kata Benda Berimbuhan)

NOUNS DERIVATION 

Nouns derivation merujuk pada pada awalan (preffix)  dan akhiran (suffix) pada noun.  Imbuhan  ini membentuk abstract nouns.  Abstract noun merupakan kata yang menggambarkan kejadian, waktu, dan kualitas.  Abstract nouns dapat dibentuk dari adjectives, verbs or nouns.

Perhatikan kalimat berikut:

  • All of information is set up on announcement board.
  • Most of teachers still need knowledge of education. 

(Kata information, announcement, teachers, dan eduaction dikelompokan pada kata benda yang dibentuk dari kata kerja yaitu inform, announce, teach dan educate. Kata information merupakan pembentukan kata inform + ation.  Kata announcement merupakan pembentukan kata announce + ment. Sementara kata  teacher dari kata teach + er.  Sedangkan kata education dari kata educate + tion.  ).  

Berikut ini merupakan suffix yang terbentuk dari verb menjadi noun:

VerbSuffixNoun
advertise: mengiklankan -ment advertisement: iklan
expect: mengharap-ion, -tion, -ationexpectation: harapan
enter: memasuki –ance, – enceenterance: jalan masuk
complain: mengeluh –t complaint: keluhan
discover: menemukan -y  discovery: penemuan
direct: memimpin-er, -or, -ar, -ist, -ant, – ent, -eedirector: direktur
pack: membungkus –age, -al package: bungkusan
rob: merampok-ery, -aryrobbery: perampokan
please: menyenangkan-ure, -ture, -aturepleasure: kesenangan
build: membangun-ing building: bangunan

Ada beberapa abstract noun tanpa perubahan, seperti:

VerbNoun
call: memanggilcall: panggilan
change: menukar change: penukaran
drink: minumdrink: minuman
help: menolonghelp: pertolongan
hope: mengharaphope: harapan
play: bermainplay: mainan
work: bekerjawork: pekerjaan
walk: berjalanwalk: perjalanan

Exercise 1:

Complete the following list and find the meaning in your dictionary.  Do as example.

NoVerbNounMeaning
1to analyzeanalysisanalisis
2to obligate…..…..
3to advise…..…..
4to add…..…..
5to err …..…..
6to suggest…..…..
7to economize…..…..
8to comprehend…..…..
9to apply…..…..
10to use …..…..
11to stop…..…..
12to believe…..…..
13to block…..…..
14to marry …..…..
15to bite…..…..
16to own …..…..
17to preside…..…..
18to assist…..…..
19to rent…..…..
20to propose…..…..
21to pass…..…..

Beberapa suffixes yang dibentuk dari adjectives menjadi nouns:

AdjectiveSuffixNoun
bad: buruk-nessbadness: keburukan
honest: jujur–y, -ty, -ityhonesty: kejujuran
efficient: efisien-ce, -cyefficiency: keefisienan
correct: baik-ioncorrection: perbaikan

 Terdapat beberapa irregular adjectives membentuk nouns: 

AdjectiveNoun
deep: dalamdepth: kedalaman
long: panjanglength: kepanjangan
proud: banggapride: kebanggaan
poor: miskinpoverty: kemiskinan
true: benartruth: kebenaran

Exercise 2:

Complete the following list and find the meaning of words in your dictionary. Do as example. 

NoAdjectiveNounMeaning
1 goodgoodnesskebaikan
2…..glory…..
3…..capability…..
4…..stability…..
5…..elegance…..
6…..absence…..
7…..freedom…..
8…..heat …..
9…..truth…..
10…..efficiency…..
11…..independence…..
12…..speed…..
13…..beauty…..
14…..safety…..
15…..activity…..

Berikut ini terdapat beberapa suffixes dari nouns yang juga merujuk pada nouns:

NounSuffixeNoun
friend: sahabat-shipfriendship: persahabatan
brother: saudara-hoodbrotherhood: persahabatan
book: buku-letbooklet: buku kecil
agent: wakil; agen-cy  agency: perwakilan
library: perpustakaan–an, -ian librarian: pustakawan

Exercise 3:

Complete the following list and find the meaning in your dictionary. Do as example. 

No.NounsNounsMeaning
1childchildhoodmasa kecil
2leader…..…..
3sponsor…..…..
4colony…..…..
5Indonesia…..…..
6Journal …..…..
7class…..…..
8history…..…..
9mother…..…..
10partner…..…..
11relation…..…..

Exercise 4:

The following list shows some of the more frequent prefixes, and indicates the typical meaning signaled by each prefix. Find the meaning of them. You may open your dictionary.

NoPrefixesNounsMeaning
1anti-antibody, anticlimaxantibodi, antiklimaks
2arch-arch-enemy, archbishopmusuh utama, uskup besar
3auto-autobiography, autograph….. …..
4bi-bicentenary, bilingualism….. …..
5bio- biochemistry, biomass….. …..
6co- co-chairman, co-founder….. …..
78counter-counteraction, counterclaim….. …..
9dis-disbelief, discomfort….. …..
10ex-ex-Marxism, ex-student….. …..
11fore-forefront, foreknowledge….. …..
12hyper-hyperinflation….. …..
13im-impatience….. …..
14in-inattention….. …..
15inter-interaction, intermarriage….. …..
16kilo-kilobyte, kilowatt….. …..
17mal- malfunction, malnutrition….. …..
18mega-megawatt, megastar….. …..
19mini-minibus, mini-publication….. …..
20mis-misconduct, mismatch….. …..
21mono-monopoly, monosyllable….. …..
22neo-neomarxist, neo-colonialism….. …..
23non-nonpayment, non-specialist….. …..
24out-outpatient, outbuilding….. …..
25poly-polysyllable, polytheism….. …..
26re-re-election, reorganization….. …..
27semi- semicircle, semi-darkness….. …..
28sub-subgroup, subset ….. …..
29super-superhero, supermarket….. …..
30tele-telephone, telescope….. …..
31tri-tricycle….. …..
32ultra-ultrasound….. …..
33under-underclass, underachievement….. …..
34vice-vice-chairman, vice-president….. …..

Sumber: Zulfahmi. M, 2020, English Grammar and Reading: Materi dan Latihan untuk Bahasa Inggris Umum, CV. Kekata Group: Surakarta

Singular and Plural Noun (Kata Benda Tunggal dan Kata Benda Jamak)

SINGULAR AND PLURAL NOUNS

Pelajari kalimat-kalimat berikut:

  • There are thirty students in the class.
  • There are many boxes we need do this.     
  • This college has a complete library. 

(Kata students merupakan student + s  bermakna ada lebih dari satu student di dalam kelas.  Kata boxes merupakan box + es bermakna lebih dari satu kotak yang dibutuhkan.  Penambahan s/es merupakan ciri khas plural nouns. Sementara kata library tanpa + s bermakna hanya ada satulibrary yang lengkap di kampus yang menyatakan singular nouns.)

Ada beberapa pengecualian tentang penambahan -s pada nouns  dalam pembentukan plural nouns:  

  • Nouns yang berakhiran dengan -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, dan –x tambahkan –es (contoh: bus-buses, brush-brushes, box-boxes)
  • Nouns yang berakhiran o diawali dengan huruf vokalmakaditambahkan dengan –s (contoh: radio-radios, patio-patios)
  • Nouns yang berakhiran dengan –y maka berubah menjadi –ies (contoh: city-cities, country-countries), kecuali terdapat huruf vokal sebelumnya (a, e, i, o, u) ditambangkan –s (contoh: boy-boys, day-days, journey-journeys)
  • Nouns yang berakhiran dengan huruf –f maka akan berobah menjadi–ves (contoh: knife-knives, leaf-leaves, wife-wives)

Ada beberapa kata yang tidak mengikuti aturan di atas yang disebut dengan  Irregular Plurals, diantaranya adalah:  

Singular —> Plural

  • child —> children
  • foot —> feet
  • man —> men
  • woman —> women
  • person —> people
  • tooth —> teeth
  • goose —> geese
  • louse —> lice
  • mouse —> mice
  • ox —> oxen

Beberapa nouns lain selalu dalam bentuk plural: scissors, glasses, trousers, jeans, shorts, tights, pyjamas

Exercise 1: 

Change the following nouns into plural form. Use your dictionary for helping. Do as examples:

  • day : days
  • seaman : seamen_  
  1. chief : ……….
  2. attorney : ……….
  3. potato : ……….
  4. spoonful : ……….
  5. valley : ……….
  6. formula : ……….
  7. genus : ……….
  8. addendum : ……….
  9. knife : ……….
  10. laboratory : ……….
  11. vocabulary : ……….
  12. absence : ……….
  13. cupful : ……….
  14. babysitter : ……….
  15. crisis : ……….
  16. diagnosis : ……….
  17. synopsis : ……….
  18. library : ……….
  19. jones : ……….
  20. quota : ……….
  21. datum : ……….
  22. booth : ……….
  23. buzz : ……….
  24. axis : ……….
  25. locus : ……….
  26. sky : ……….
  27. echo : ……….
  28. preference : ……….
  29. life : ……….
  30. loaf : ……….
  31. matrix : ……….
  32. actuary : ……….
  33. basis : ……….
  34. neurosis : ……….
  35. parenthesis : ……….      
  36. privilege : ……….
  37. freshman : ……….
  38. analysis : ……….             
  39. thesis : ……….
  40. chassis : ……….
  41. quantum : ……….
  42. smith : ……….
  43. psychosis : ……….
  44. quantum : ……….
  45. symphony : ……….
  46. ax, axe  : ……….              
  47. secretary : ……….

Exercise 2:

Complete the following sentences by using plural nouns based on nouns in parentheses. Use your dictionary for helping.

  • Mrs. Jones has two   children.  (child)
  • A flock of   geese   just flew overhead. (goose)
  1. Three ………. scurried through the kitchen. (mouse)
  2. Mother cut the sandwich into two ………. . (half)
  3. The dental hygienist cleaned my ……….. (tooth)
  4. The ………. at the bus stop had umbrellas. (woman)
  5. Grandpa sharpened the ………. in the kitchen. (knife)
  6. Those ………. were making a lot of noise. (person)
  7. Mama bought two………. of bread. (loaf)
  8. The ………. were fixing the hole in the street. (man)
  9. I heard a pack of ……….  in the forest. (wolf)
  10. The farmer had a dozen ……….. (sheep)

Sumber: Zulfahmi M, 2020, English Grammar and Reading: Materi dan Latihan untuk Bahasa Inggris Umum, CV. Kekata Group: Surakarta

Countable and Countabe Nouns (Kata Benda Bisa Dihitung dan Tak Bisa Dihitung)

COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

Countable nouns mengacu pada sesuatu yang dapat dihitung baik dalam bentuk singular maupun plural Contoh countable noun adalah a cow, two cows, the student, chair, town, dan lain sebagainya.  Penggunaan article a, an, dan the sangat lazim digabungkan dengan countable noun.

Uncountable nouns mengacu pada sesuatu yang tidak bisa dihitung. Contoh uncountable nouns adalah  any steel, a glass of water, a galon of air, much sugar, dan lain sebagainya.  Penggunaan kata keterangan some, any, a lot of merupakan kata yang selalu digabungkan dengan uncountale noun. Kata keterangan lainnya pada uncountable noun berupa kata keterangan yang menunjukan ukuran volume, misalnya a cup of, a glass of, a kilo of, dan lain sebagainya.  

Perhatikan kalimat berikut:

  • Repeating a new word doesn’t help you remember it for long.           
  • You can write five sentences with the word.  
  • We have spent much money to collect these books.  
  • I need a kilo of sugar to make a cake.            

(Kata word, sentences, cake merupakan kata countable nouns. Penggunaan  article a dan the merupakan ciri khas pada countable noun. Kata money dan sugar merupakan uncountable nouns. Penggunaan kata keterangan much, a kilo of merupakan ciri khas pada uncountable nouns)

Exercise 1: 

Decide the following nouns whether countable or uncountable nouns. Do as examples.

  • television : countable / uncountable
  • money : countable / uncountable
  1. news : countable / uncountable
  2. geography : countable / uncountable
  3. atmosphere : countable / uncountable   
  4. person : countable / uncountable
  5. water : countable / uncountable
  6. pencil : countable / uncountable
  7. food : countable / uncountable
  8. tooth : countable / uncountable
  9. soap : countable / uncountable
  10. soup : countable / uncountable
  11. hydrogen : countable / uncountable
  12. minute : countable / uncountable
  13. sand : countable / uncountable
  14. key : countable / uncountable
  15. money : countable / uncountable

Sumber: Zulfahmi M, 2020, English Grammar and Reading: Materi dan Latihan untuk Bahasa Inggris Umum, CV. Kekata Group: Surakarta

Mengenali Kata Benda (Nouns) dalam Kalimat

NOUNS

Nouns (kata benda) merupakan kata-kata yang mengacu pada person, place, object, feeling/idea, activity, atau quality. Noun berperan sebagai subject, object atau complement dalam kalimat.

Perhatikan kalimat berikut:

  • Many students study vocabulary by repeating the words.
  • Long-term memory is like a very big library with many books. 
  • A thing of a beauty is a joy forever.  
  • Islam is one of the major world religions.
  • You can also make a picture in your mind with the word.  

(Kata students mengacu pada person. Kata memory, library dan books mengacu pada object. Kata Islam mengacu pada feeling/idea. Sedangkan kata mind mengacu pada place)

Exercise 1:         

Underline nouns and mention whether they are place, object, feeling/idea, activity, or quality. Do as examples.

  • Thedentist check his patient tooth. ___person______
  • The sky seemed to be full of parachutes.   ____place______
  1. Geometry is the study of shapes and configuration. ___________________
  2. My neighbor drives a small car. ________________
  3. The car is old and parked in the yard. ________________
  4. Happiness is the best feeling. ___________________
  5. The boring speech lasted nearly one hour. ___________________
  6. Those pens belong to Anissa. _________________
  7. Is it time to go yet? ____________________
  8. The first mathematics textbooks were written in English in 1540. ___________________
  9. Love makes the world go round. ___________________
  10. Football is often a game of inches. ___________________

Beberapa nouns ditandai dengan penggunaan huruf kapital seperti  Holly Book, Public Library, Indonesia, Muhammad, dan Batusangkar yang disebut dengan proper nouns. Sementara kata-kata seperti  library, book, word, picture, and sentence disebut dengan common nouns kecuali diawal kalimat. Untuk membedakan antara proper nouns dengan common nouns, lakukan latihan dibawah ini.     

Exercise 2:

Complete the following sentences with correct form of nouns in parentheses. Do as examples.

  • Mama and I will go to the ___lake___  next month.   (lake or Lake)
  • Aunt Jo went to __Lake Placid___  for the weekend.   (lake placid, Lake placid or Lake Placid)
  1. We live near the ____________.   (city or City)
  2. My ___________ gave us a homework assignment.  (teacher or Teacher)
  3. Is __________________ a strict teacher?  (mr. brown, Mr. brown or Mr. Brown)
  4. My dog, _____________ likes to play fetch with a tennis ball.  (buster or Buster)
  5. At the zoo, we saw a gorilla named ______________.   (grumpy or Grumpy)
  6. Can we play with the _______________?   (kitten or Kitten)
  7. That girl lives on ___________________.   (adam street, Adam street, or Adam Street)
  8. Most of the houses on my _____________ are made of brick.   (street or Street)
  9. My birthday is next _____________.   (month or Month)
  10. Dad’s birthday is in _______________.   (january or January)

Sumber: Zulfahmi M, 2020, English Grammar and Reading: Materi dan Latihan untuk Bahasa Inggris Umum, CV. Kekata Group: Surakarta