Tahun: 2026

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS

Indefinite pronouns merupakan sejumlah kata ganti tak tentu (indefinite) yang berperan sebagai nouns dalam kalimat. Yang merupakan indefinite pronouns adalah: 

Perhatikan kalimat berikut:

• Some responded favorably, but most of them rejected Islam.
• This sweater fits anybody six or more feet tall.
• Each one is reviewed in turn and given a proficiency rating.

(Some, anybody, dan each one merupakan indefinite pronoun. Some/beberapa tidak diketahui jumlah pasti responden yang dimaksud. Anybody/seseorang dan each one/setiap orang merujuk orang/seserang yang tidak diketahui dengan pasti identitasnya.)

Exercise:

Complete the following sentences by supplying appropriate indefinite pronouns. Do as examples.

•     Anyone      portrayed in this story is good.
• We spoke      to each one or everyone     in turn.
• The police suspected that       something      had been taken by the intruders.

1. When ________________ had left, I began cleaning the auditorium.
2. ________________ was able to complete the crossword puzzle, because it was exceptionally difficult.
3. Though many wanted to go aboard, ________________ was permitted to do so.
4. Sam said he would buy her ________________ she asked for as long as the present would cost less than a hundred dollars.
5. ________________ were indicated for perjury, but only two were convicted.
6. The party is open to ________________ who wants to contribute to the charity.
7. I gave her most of what I had, but she insisted on having ________________.
8. Unfortunately, there is ________________ that can be done.
9. Investigators finally decided that ________________ had been taken.
10. When I got through with it, there was ________________ left.

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS

Demonstrative pronouns merupakan kata ganti penunjuk kata yang menggantikan nouns, baik dalam bentuk benda maupun orang. Yang merupakan demonstrative pronouns adalah:

this        that        these        those        here        there

• This (ini) digunakan penunjuk objek tunggal yang dekat dan  that (itu) penunjuk yang jauh.    
• These  (ini)digunakan penunjuk objek jamak yang dekat dan those  (itu) penunjuk yang jauh. 
• Here (disini)digunakan menujukan lokasi yang dekat dan there (disana) menunjukan yang jauh.

Perhatikan kalimat berikut:   

• These are my only objections to the entire plan.
• Choose among those and let me know your decisions as soon as possible.
• They decided against that at least ten years ago. 

(Kata these, those dan that merupakan demonstrative pronoun. These merujuk pada objection, those merujuk pada decision, that merujuk pada sesuatu yang diputuskan/decided)

Exercise:

Underline the reference of the words in italics. Do as examples:

• This suit me better than the previous choice.
• High on his list of priorities was becoming independent of his father. That, however, was easier said than done.

1. A group of horticulturalists in New Jersey has been working on a new project. This involves the development of a completely different type of rose.
2. Many people connect alcohol intake with drunkenness, but that is by no means the only consequence of drinking too much.
3. He insisted on going to the Bahamas for their honeymoon. Fortunately, that was exactly where she wanted to go.
4. Many overweight people blame their condition on physical disorders such as thyroid trouble, but doctors claim that these are seldom the cause of obesity.
5. After winning the lottery in Pennsylvania, she bought a Mercedes and a condominium. These were the first two large purchases she had ever been able to pay for in cash.
6. Faculty equipment is sometimes responsible for roller-skating accidents, but problems with balance are those which cause the most falls.
7. Most of learners have difficulty in understand a text simply. These phenomenon can be seen when they asked to read orally.
8. He saw that all animals has a strunggle to survive. Those which were best at surviving their evironment passed on the good qualities  which had helped them to their descendants.
9. Try to analyze the meaning of those sentences without open your dictionary.
10. After a few ago, the material which has been learnt should be revised in order to avoid forgetting. This mean that the learner studies the material again.

[efn_note]Terimakasih telah membaca teks ini.[/efn_note]

1. Nouns

• Mengenali Nouns (Kata Benda)
• Countable and Uncountable Nouns (Kata Benda Bisa Dihitung dan Tak Bisa Dihitung)
• Singular and Plural Nouns (Kata Benda Tunggal dan Jamak)
• Nouns Derivation (Kata Benda Turunan/Berimbuhan)

2. Pronouns

• Pronouns (Kata Ganti)
• Subject and Object Pronouns (Kata Ganti Sebanagi Subjek dan Objek)
• Possessive Adjectives and Possessive Pronouns
• Indefinite Pronouns and Demonstrative Pronouns

3. Verbs