Spelling alphabet is used to provide correct information between people with a different language background. To spell a complicated name correctly, spelling alphabet can be used to make it clearer especially on the phone. There are several spelling alphabets, but the most widely used one is the Nato phonetic alphabet, which is also used in aviation, for example, between a pilot and the control tower.
A
for
Alpha
N
for
November
B
for
Bravo
O
for
Oscar
C
for
Charlie
P
for
Papa
D
for
Delta
Q
for
Quebec
E
for
Echo
R
for
Romeo
F
for
Foxtrot
S
for
Sierra
G
for
Golf
T
for
Tango
H
for
Hotel
U
for
Uniform
I
for
India
V
for
Victor
J
for
Juliet
W
for
Whiskey
K
for
Kilo
X
for
Z-ray
L
for
Lima
Y
for
Yankee
M
for
Mike
Z
for
Zulu
B.Telling Numbers
For dates with the month and day, we usually use the cardinal number in writing. However, when telling dates we always use the ordinal number in speaking.
1st = the first
3st =the third
4th =the fourth
5th =the fifth
6th =the sixth
7th =the seventh
8th =the eighth
9th =the ninth
10th =the tenth
11th =the eleventh
12th =the twelfth
13th =the thirteenth
14th =the fourteenth
15th =the fifteenth
16th =the sixteenth
17th =the seventh
19th =the nineteenth
20th =the twentieth
21st =the twenty-first
30th =the thirtieth
32nd =the thirty-second
40th =the fortieth
43rd =the forty-third
50th =the fiftieth
60th =the sixtieth
70th =the seventieth
80th =the eightieth
90th =the ninetieth
100th =the hundredth
101st =the one hundred and first
C. Telling dates, months, and years
It is written one of two ways as follows:
1. The US, the date format is month-day-year
July 8, 2016 (month, day, comma, year): We say July the eighth/ twenty, sixteen
2. In the UK, the date format is day-month-year
8 July 2016 (day, month, year): We say The eighth of July/ twenty, sixteen
C. Telling telephone number and credit card number
1. When you tell a telephone number, group the number and say each number individually.
081-975-8823: oh eight one, nine seven five, eight eight two three
2. When you repeat back a credit card number to a customer, group the numbers in blocks of four.
3347 4574 8473 8508: double three four seven, four five seven four, eight four seven three, eight five zero eight
Doubleroom: A room assigned to two persons with one double bed.
Twinroom: A room with two single beds for two persons.
Hollywoodtwinroom: A room assigned to two persons with two twin beds joined together by a common headboard.
Tripleroom: A room assigned to three persons and has been fitted with three single beds, or one double bed and one single bed.
Family/Quadroom: A room that can accommodate four persons and may have two or more beds.
Double-doubleroom: A room that can accommodate two to four persons with two twin double or queen-sized beds.
Queenroom: A room with a queen-sized bed that can accommodate one or more people.
Kingroom: A room with a king-sized bed, assigned to one or more people.
Studioroom: A room with a studio bed, a couch which can be converted into a bed, may also have an additional bed.
Suite/Executivesuite: A living room connected with one or more bed rooms
Juniorsuite/Minisuite: A single room with a bed and sitting area. The sleeping area is sometimes in a bed room separated from the living room.
Presidentsuite/Presidentialsuite: The most expensive room provided by a hotel. Similar to the normal suite. A president suite usually has one or more bedrooms and a living space with grand in-room decorations and supplies, and tailor-made services.
Apartments/Roomforextendedstay: This room type is for long stay guests, usually has kitchen, cooking equipment, dryer, washer, etc. Housekeeping services are only provided once a week or twice a week.
Connectingrooms: Rooms with a connecting door, having individual entrance door from the outside. Guests can walk between rooms without going through the hallway.
Adjoiningrooms: Rooms with a common wall but no connecting door.
Adjacentrooms: Rooms close to each other, perhaps across the hall.
Murphyroom: A room fitted with a sofa bed or a Murphy bed, a bed that fold out of a wall or closet.
Accessibleroom/Disabledroom: This type of room is particularly designed for disabled guests.
Cabanaroom: this room type is adjoining to the swimming pool or has a private pool attached to the room.
Villa: This type of accommodation is a stand-alone house, fully equipped not only bedrooms and a living room but a private swimming pool, Jacuzzi and balcony. It is suitable for couples, families, and large groups with extra private and space.
Executivefloor/Flooredroom: A room which enables convenient access to the executive lounge, usually located on the executive floor. Furthermore, some hotels also provide ―Female executive floors‖ with their rooms assigned to female guests according to safety and security.
Smoking/Non-smokingroom: Both smoking and non-smoking rooms are provided by many hotels in order to decrease the effects of secondhand smoke exposure on non-smoking guests.
Nouns derivation merujuk pada pada awalan (preffix) dan akhiran (suffix) pada noun. Imbuhan ini membentuk abstract nouns. Abstract noun merupakan kata yang menggambarkan kejadian, waktu, dan kualitas. Abstract nouns dapat dibentuk dari adjectives, verbs or nouns.
Perhatikan kalimat berikut:
All of information is set up on announcement board.
Most of teachers still need knowledge of education.
(Kata information, announcement, teachers, dan eduaction dikelompokan pada kata benda yang dibentuk dari kata kerja yaitu inform, announce, teach dan educate. Kata information merupakan pembentukan kata inform + ation. Kata announcement merupakan pembentukan kata announce + ment. Sementara kata teacher dari kata teach + er. Sedangkan kata education dari kata educate + tion. ).
Berikut ini merupakan suffix yang terbentuk dari verb menjadi noun:
Verb
Suffix
Noun
advertise: mengiklankan
-ment
advertisement: iklan
expect: mengharap
-ion, -tion, -ation
expectation: harapan
enter: memasuki
–ance, – ence
enterance: jalan masuk
complain: mengeluh
–t
complaint: keluhan
discover: menemukan
-y
discovery: penemuan
direct: memimpin
-er, -or, -ar, -ist, -ant, – ent, -ee
director: direktur
pack: membungkus
–age, -al
package: bungkusan
rob: merampok
-ery, -ary
robbery: perampokan
please: menyenangkan
-ure, -ture, -ature
pleasure: kesenangan
build: membangun
-ing
building: bangunan
Ada beberapa abstract noun tanpa perubahan, seperti:
Verb
Noun
call: memanggil
call: panggilan
change: menukar
change: penukaran
drink: minum
drink: minuman
help: menolong
help: pertolongan
hope: mengharap
hope: harapan
play: bermain
play: mainan
work: bekerja
work: pekerjaan
walk: berjalan
walk: perjalanan
Exercise 1:
Complete the following list and find the meaning in your dictionary. Do as example.
No
Verb
Noun
Meaning
1
to analyze
analysis
analisis
2
to obligate
…..
…..
3
to advise
…..
…..
4
to add
…..
…..
5
to err
…..
…..
6
to suggest
…..
…..
7
to economize
…..
…..
8
to comprehend
…..
…..
9
to apply
…..
…..
10
to use
…..
…..
11
to stop
…..
…..
12
to believe
…..
…..
13
to block
…..
…..
14
to marry
…..
…..
15
to bite
…..
…..
16
to own
…..
…..
17
to preside
…..
…..
18
to assist
…..
…..
19
to rent
…..
…..
20
to propose
…..
…..
21
to pass
…..
…..
Beberapa suffixes yang dibentuk dari adjectives menjadi nouns:
Adjective
Suffix
Noun
bad: buruk
-ness
badness: keburukan
honest: jujur
–y, -ty, -ity
honesty: kejujuran
efficient: efisien
-ce, -cy
efficiency: keefisienan
correct: baik
-ion
correction: perbaikan
Terdapat beberapa irregular adjectives membentuk nouns:
Adjective
Noun
deep: dalam
depth: kedalaman
long: panjang
length: kepanjangan
proud: bangga
pride: kebanggaan
poor: miskin
poverty: kemiskinan
true: benar
truth: kebenaran
Exercise 2:
Complete the following list and find the meaning of words in your dictionary. Do as example.
No
Adjective
Noun
Meaning
1
good
goodness
kebaikan
2
…..
glory
…..
3
…..
capability
…..
4
…..
stability
…..
5
…..
elegance
…..
6
…..
absence
…..
7
…..
freedom
…..
8
…..
heat
…..
9
…..
truth
…..
10
…..
efficiency
…..
11
…..
independence
…..
12
…..
speed
…..
13
…..
beauty
…..
14
…..
safety
…..
15
…..
activity
…..
Berikut ini terdapat beberapa suffixes dari nouns yang juga merujuk pada nouns:
Noun
Suffixe
Noun
friend: sahabat
-ship
friendship: persahabatan
brother: saudara
-hood
brotherhood: persahabatan
book: buku
-let
booklet: buku kecil
agent: wakil; agen
-cy
agency: perwakilan
library: perpustakaan
–an, -ian
librarian: pustakawan
Exercise 3:
Complete the following list and find the meaning in your dictionary. Do as example.
No.
Nouns
Nouns
Meaning
1
child
childhood
masa kecil
2
leader
…..
…..
3
sponsor
…..
…..
4
colony
…..
…..
5
Indonesia
…..
…..
6
Journal
…..
…..
7
class
…..
…..
8
history
…..
…..
9
mother
…..
…..
10
partner
…..
…..
11
relation
…..
…..
Exercise 4:
The following list shows some of the more frequent prefixes, and indicates the typical meaning signaled by each prefix. Find the meaning of them. You may open your dictionary.
No
Prefixes
Nouns
Meaning
1
anti-
antibody, anticlimax
antibodi, antiklimaks
2
arch-
arch-enemy, archbishop
musuh utama, uskup besar
3
auto-
autobiography, autograph
….. …..
4
bi-
bicentenary, bilingualism
….. …..
5
bio-
biochemistry, biomass
….. …..
6
co-
co-chairman, co-founder
….. …..
78
counter-
counteraction, counterclaim
….. …..
9
dis-
disbelief, discomfort
….. …..
10
ex-
ex-Marxism, ex-student
….. …..
11
fore-
forefront, foreknowledge
….. …..
12
hyper-
hyperinflation
….. …..
13
im-
impatience
….. …..
14
in-
inattention
….. …..
15
inter-
interaction, intermarriage
….. …..
16
kilo-
kilobyte, kilowatt
….. …..
17
mal-
malfunction, malnutrition
….. …..
18
mega-
megawatt, megastar
….. …..
19
mini-
minibus, mini-publication
….. …..
20
mis-
misconduct, mismatch
….. …..
21
mono-
monopoly, monosyllable
….. …..
22
neo-
neomarxist, neo-colonialism
….. …..
23
non-
nonpayment, non-specialist
….. …..
24
out-
outpatient, outbuilding
….. …..
25
poly-
polysyllable, polytheism
….. …..
26
re-
re-election, reorganization
….. …..
27
semi-
semicircle, semi-darkness
….. …..
28
sub-
subgroup, subset
….. …..
29
super-
superhero, supermarket
….. …..
30
tele-
telephone, telescope
….. …..
31
tri-
tricycle
….. …..
32
ultra-
ultrasound
….. …..
33
under-
underclass, underachievement
….. …..
34
vice-
vice-chairman, vice-president
….. …..
Sumber: Zulfahmi. M, 2020, English Grammar and Reading: Materi dan Latihan untuk Bahasa Inggris Umum, CV. Kekata Group: Surakarta
(Kata students merupakan student + s bermakna ada lebih dari satu student di dalam kelas. Kata boxes merupakan box + es bermakna lebih dari satu kotak yang dibutuhkan. Penambahan s/es merupakan ciri khas plural nouns. Sementara kata library tanpa + sbermakna hanya ada satulibraryyang lengkap di kampus yang menyatakan singular nouns.)
Ada beberapa pengecualian tentang penambahan -s pada nouns dalam pembentukan plural nouns:
Nouns yang berakhiran dengan -s, -ss, -sh, -ch,dan –xtambahkan –es(contoh: bus-buses, brush-brushes, box-boxes)
Nouns yang berakhiran odiawali dengan huruf vokalmakaditambahkan dengan –s (contoh: radio-radios, patio-patios)
Nouns yang berakhiran dengan –y maka berubah menjadi –ies (contoh: city-cities, country-countries), kecuali terdapat huruf vokal sebelumnya (a, e, i, o, u) ditambangkan –s (contoh: boy-boys, day-days, journey-journeys)
Nouns yang berakhiran dengan huruf –fmaka akan berobah menjadi–ves (contoh: knife-knives, leaf-leaves, wife-wives)
Ada beberapa kata yang tidak mengikuti aturan di atas yang disebut dengan Irregular Plurals, diantaranya adalah:
Singular —> Plural
child —> children
foot —> feet
man —> men
woman —> women
person —> people
tooth —> teeth
goose —> geese
louse —> lice
mouse —> mice
ox —> oxen
Beberapa nouns lain selalu dalam bentuk plural: scissors, glasses, trousers, jeans, shorts, tights, pyjamas
Exercise 1:
Change the following nouns into plural form. Use your dictionary for helping. Do as examples:
day : days
seaman : seamen_
chief : ……….
attorney : ……….
potato : ……….
spoonful : ……….
valley : ……….
formula : ……….
genus : ……….
addendum : ……….
knife : ……….
laboratory : ……….
vocabulary : ……….
absence : ……….
cupful : ……….
babysitter : ……….
crisis : ……….
diagnosis : ……….
synopsis : ……….
library : ……….
jones : ……….
quota : ……….
datum : ……….
booth : ……….
buzz : ……….
axis : ……….
locus : ……….
sky : ……….
echo : ……….
preference : ……….
life : ……….
loaf : ……….
matrix : ……….
actuary : ……….
basis : ……….
neurosis : ……….
parenthesis : ……….
privilege : ……….
freshman : ……….
analysis : ……….
thesis : ……….
chassis : ……….
quantum : ……….
smith : ……….
psychosis : ……….
quantum : ……….
symphony : ……….
ax, axe : ……….
secretary : ……….
Exercise 2:
Complete the following sentences by using plural nouns based on nouns in parentheses. Use your dictionary for helping.
Mrs. Jones has two children. (child)
A flock of geese just flew overhead. (goose)
Three ………. scurried through the kitchen. (mouse)
Mother cut the sandwich into two ………. . (half)
The dental hygienist cleaned my ……….. (tooth)
The ………. at the bus stop had umbrellas. (woman)
Grandpa sharpened the ………. in the kitchen. (knife)
Those ………. were making a lot of noise. (person)
Mama bought two………. of bread. (loaf)
The ………. were fixing the hole in the street. (man)
I heard a pack of ………. in the forest. (wolf)
The farmer had a dozen ……….. (sheep)
Sumber: Zulfahmi M, 2020, English Grammar and Reading: Materi dan Latihan untuk Bahasa Inggris Umum, CV. Kekata Group: Surakarta
Countable nouns mengacu pada sesuatu yang dapat dihitung baik dalam bentuk singular maupun plural Contoh countable noun adalah a cow, two cows, the student, chair, town, dan lain sebagainya. Penggunaan article a, an, dan the sangat lazim digabungkan dengan countable noun.
Uncountable nouns mengacu pada sesuatu yang tidak bisa dihitung. Contoh uncountable nouns adalah any steel, a glass of water, a galon of air, much sugar, dan lain sebagainya. Penggunaan kata keterangan some, any, a lot of merupakan kata yang selalu digabungkan dengan uncountale noun. Kata keterangan lainnya pada uncountable noun berupa kata keterangan yang menunjukan ukuran volume, misalnya a cup of, a glass of, a kilo of, dan lain sebagainya.
Perhatikan kalimat berikut:
Repeating a new word doesn’t help you remember it for long.
You can write five sentences with the word.
We have spent much money to collect these books.
I need a kilo of sugar to make a cake.
(Kata word, sentences, cake merupakan kata countable nouns. Penggunaan article a dan the merupakan ciri khas pada countable noun. Kata money dan sugar merupakan uncountable nouns. Penggunaan kata keterangan much, a kilo of merupakan ciri khas pada uncountable nouns)
Exercise 1:
Decide the following nouns whether countable or uncountable nouns. Do as examples.
television : countable / uncountable
money : countable / uncountable
news : countable / uncountable
geography : countable / uncountable
atmosphere : countable / uncountable
person : countable / uncountable
water : countable / uncountable
pencil : countable / uncountable
food : countable / uncountable
tooth : countable / uncountable
soap : countable / uncountable
soup : countable / uncountable
hydrogen : countable / uncountable
minute : countable / uncountable
sand : countable / uncountable
key : countable / uncountable
money : countable / uncountable
Sumber: Zulfahmi M, 2020, English Grammar and Reading: Materi dan Latihan untuk Bahasa Inggris Umum, CV. Kekata Group: Surakarta
Nouns (kata benda) merupakan kata-kata yang mengacu pada person, place, object, feeling/idea, activity, atau quality. Noun berperan sebagai subject, object atau complement dalam kalimat.
Perhatikan kalimat berikut:
Many students study vocabulary by repeating the words.
Long-term memory is like a very big library with many books.
A thing of a beauty is a joy forever.
Islam is one of the major world religions.
You can also make a picture in your mind with the word.
(Kata students mengacu pada person. Kata memory, library dan books mengacu pada object. Kata Islam mengacu pada feeling/idea. Sedangkan kata mind mengacu pada place)
Exercise 1:
Underline nouns and mention whether they are place, object, feeling/idea, activity, or quality. Do as examples.
Thedentist check his patient tooth. ___person______
The sky seemed to be full of parachutes. ____place______
Geometry is the study of shapes and configuration. ___________________
My neighbor drives a small car. ________________
The car is old and parked in the yard. ________________
Happiness is the best feeling. ___________________
The boring speech lasted nearly one hour. ___________________
Those pens belong to Anissa. _________________
Is it time to go yet? ____________________
The first mathematics textbooks were written in English in 1540. ___________________
Love makes the world go round. ___________________
Football is often a game of inches. ___________________
Beberapa nouns ditandai dengan penggunaan huruf kapital seperti Holly Book, Public Library, Indonesia, Muhammad, dan Batusangkar yang disebut dengan proper nouns. Sementara kata-kata seperti library, book, word, picture, and sentence disebut dengan common nouns kecuali diawal kalimat. Untuk membedakan antara proper nouns dengan common nouns, lakukan latihan dibawah ini.
Exercise 2:
Complete the following sentences with correct form of nouns in parentheses. Do as examples.
Mama and I will go to the ___lake___ next month. (lake or Lake)
Aunt Jo went to __Lake Placid___ for the weekend. (lake placid, Lake placid or Lake Placid)
We live near the ____________. (city or City)
My ___________ gave us a homework assignment. (teacher or Teacher)
Is __________________ a strict teacher? (mr. brown, Mr. brown or Mr. Brown)
My dog, _____________ likes to play fetch with a tennis ball. (buster or Buster)
At the zoo, we saw a gorilla named ______________. (grumpy or Grumpy)
Can we play with the _______________? (kitten or Kitten)
That girl lives on ___________________. (adam street, Adam street, or Adam Street)
Most of the houses on my _____________ are made of brick. (street or Street)
My birthday is next _____________. (month or Month)
Dad’s birthday is in _______________. (january or January)
Sumber: Zulfahmi M, 2020, English Grammar and Reading: Materi dan Latihan untuk Bahasa Inggris Umum, CV. Kekata Group: Surakarta